To calculate the percent increase from first to second baseline test administrations, the dataset was manipulated in the following ways to isolate individuals who received two baseline test administrations:
The test_type variable was filtered to only include valid baseline test administrations.
Individuals who completed two baseline tests were identified and all other individuals were removed.
The scores of the individuals’ five composite scores from both baselines were spread across the data set to appear on one row per individual.
Individual data sets for the five composite scores were created to calculate the difference in baseline 2 to baseline 1 administration.
Individuals who did not score higher on the second baseline administration were removed from the individual composite score data sets.
The five composite score data sets were joined together to create a new data frame of individuals who achieved a positve gain on at least one composite score on the second baseline test administration.
This combined data frame was filtered through to identify individuals who achieved a higher score on all five composite tests on the second baseline administration.
18,739 individuals completed two baseline assessments. 18,438 individuals (98.39%) achieved a higher score on at least one out of five composite scores on the second baseline assessment. 1,319 individuals (7.04%) achieved a higher score on all five composite scores on the second baseline assessment.
Five composite scores:
1. Verbal Memory Composite Score
2. Visual Memory Composite Score
3. Impulse Control Composite Score
4. Reaction Time Composite Score
5. Visual Motor Composite Score
10,441 individuals (55.72%) increased their verbal memory composite score on the second baseline test administration.
The average Baseline 1 score was observed to be 79 points with a standard deviation of 9.32. The minimum score was observed to be 42, and the maximum score was observed to be 99.
The average Baseline 2 score was observed to be 88.76 points with a standard deviation of 8.12. The minimum score was observed to be 54, and the maximum score was observed to be 100.
The average point increase from baseline 1 to baseline 2 was observed to be 9.76 points with a standard deviation of 6.94 points. The mininum point increase was observed to be 1, while the maximum point increase was observed to be 44.
The average percent increase from baseline 1 to baseline 2 was observed to be a 13.14% increase with a standard deviation of a 10.71% increase.
This section summarizes the verbal memory composite score for the 1,319 individuals who achieved a higher score on all five composite scores of the second baseline test administration.
The average Baseline 1 score was observed to be 79.24 points with a standard deviation of 9.06. The minimum score was observed to be 47, and the maximum score was observed to be 99.
The average Baseline 2 score was observed to be 88.61 points with a standard deviation of 7.85. The minimum score was observed to be 61, and the maximum score was observed to be 100.
The average point increase from baseline 1 to baseline 2 was observed to be 9.37 points with a standard deviation of 6.76 points. The mininum point increase was observed to be 1, while the maximum point increase was observed to be 44.
The average percent increase from baseline 1 to baseline 2 was observed to be a 12.57% increase with a standard deviation of a 10.39% increase.
The data set below contains the raw data for all individuals who achieved a higher Verbal Memory Composite Score on the second baseline test administration.
A paired T-test was used to compare the mean verbal memory composite scores of all 18,739 individuals who completed two baseline assessments. On average, individuals scored significantly higher on the second baseline test administration (M = 84.74) than the first baseline test administration (M = 82.63), t(18737) = -26.327, p < .01.
##
## Paired t-test
##
## data: mem_verbal_1 and mem_verbal_2
## t = -26.327, df = 18737, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -2.262784 -1.949192
## sample estimates:
## mean of the differences
## -2.105988
11,137 individuals (59.43%) increased their visual memory composite score on the second baseline test administration.
The average Baseline 1 score was observed to be 68.33 points with a standard deviation of 12.13. The minimum score was observed to be 22, and the maximum score was observed to be 99.
The average Baseline 2 score was observed to be 80.44 points with a standard deviation of 10.71. The minimum score was observed to be 38, and the maximum score was observed to be 100.
The average point increase from baseline 1 to baseline 2 was observed to be 12.1 points with a standard deviation of 8.58 points. The mininum point increase was observed to be 1, while the maximum point increase was observed to be 53.
The average percent increase from baseline 1 to baseline 2 was observed to be a 19.74% increase with a standard deviation of a 17.64% increase.
This section summarizes the visual memory composite score for the 1,319 individuals who achieved a higher score on all five composite scores of the second baseline test administration.
The average Baseline 1 score was observed to be 68.61 points with a standard deviation of 11.81. The minimum score was observed to be 22, and the maximum score was observed to be 95.
The average Baseline 2 score was observed to be 81.07 points with a standard deviation of 10.56. The minimum score was observed to be 44, and the maximum score was observed to be 100.
The average point increase from baseline 1 to baseline 2 was observed to be 12.46 points with a standard deviation of 8.7 points. The mininum point increase was observed to be 1, while the maximum point increase was observed to be 44.
The average percent increase from baseline 1 to baseline 2 was observed to be a 20.12% increase with a standard deviation of a 17.6% increase.
The data set below contains the raw data for all individuals who achieved a higher Visual Memory Composite Score on the second baseline test administration.
A paired T-test was used to compare the mean visual memory composite scores of all 18,739 individuals who completed two baseline assessments. On average, individuals scored significantly higher on the second baseline test administration (M = 76.14) than the first baseline test administration (M = 72.5), t(18738) = -38.047, p < .01.
##
## Paired t-test
##
## data: mem_visual_1 and mem_visual_2
## t = -38.047, df = 18738, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -3.826403 -3.451467
## sample estimates:
## mean of the differences
## -3.638935
7,900 individuals (42.16%) increased their impulse control composite score on the second baseline test administration.
The average Baseline 1 score was observed to be 5.25 points with a standard deviation of 3.69. The minimum score was observed to be 0, and the maximum score was observed to be 28.
The average Baseline 2 score was observed to be 9.41 points with a standard deviation of 5.27. The minimum score was observed to be 1, and the maximum score was observed to be 30.
The average point increase from baseline 1 to baseline 2 was observed to be 4.15 points with a standard deviation of 3.43 points. The mininum point increase was observed to be 1, while the maximum point increase was observed to be 26.
To compute the percent increase of the impulse control composite score, 255 individuals were removed from the data set becuase they obtained a 0 score on the first baseline test administration, which prevents the ability to complete a percent increase calculation. Individuals with a score of 1 or greater on the first baseline test administration were included for this calculation, which slightly skews the data. The average percent increase from baseline 1 to baseline 2 was observed to be a 119.13% increase with a standard deviation of 146.98% increase.
This section summarizes the impulse control composite score for the 1,319 individuals who achieved a higher score on all five composite scores of the second baseline test administration.
The average Baseline 1 score was observed to be 5.17 points with a standard deviation of 3.55. The minimum score was observed to be 0, and the maximum score was observed to be 25.
The average Baseline 2 score was observed to be 9.16 points with a standard deviation of 4.92. The minimum score was observed to be 1, and the maximum score was observed to be 30.
The average point increase from baseline 1 to baseline 2 was observed to be 3.99 points with a standard deviation of 3.19 points. The mininum point increase was observed to be 1, while the maximum point increase was observed to be 23.
To compute the percent increase of the impulse control composite score, 50 individuals were removed from the data set becuase they obtained a 0 score on the first baseline test administration, which prevents the ability to complete a percent increase calculation. Individuals with a score of 1 or greater on the first baseline test administration were included for this calculation, which slightly skews the data. The average percent increase from baseline 1 to baseline 2 was observed to be a 114.23% increase with a standard deviation of 140.46% increase.
The data set below contains the raw data for all individuals who achieved a higher Impulse Control Composite Score on the second baseline test administration.
A paired T-test was used to compare the impulse control composite scores of all 18,739 individuals who completed two baseline assessments. On average, individuals scored significantly higher on the first baseline test administration (M = 7.41) than the second baseline test administration (M = 6.99), t(18738) = 10.641, p < .001.
##
## Paired t-test
##
## data: impulse_control_1 and impulse_control_2
## t = 10.641, df = 18738, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.3393532 0.4926016
## sample estimates:
## mean of the differences
## 0.4159774
11,084 individuals (59.15%) improved their reaction time composite score on the second baseline test administration.
The average Baseline 1 score was observed to be 0.67 points with a standard deviation of 0.11. The minimum score (indicating faster reaction time) was observed to be 0.44, and the maximum score (indicating slower reaction time) was observed to be 2.85.
The average Baseline 2 score was observed to be 0.59 points with a standard deviation of 0.07. The minimum score was observed to be -0.18, and the maximum score was observed to be 1.03.
The average point decrease (indicating better performance for the reaction time composite test) from baseline 1 to baseline 2 was observed to be 0.08 points with a standard deviation of 0.08 points. The mininum point decrease (indicative of better performance) was observed to be 0.01, while the maximum point decrease was observed to be 2.36.
The average percent decrease from baseline 1 to baseline 2 was observed to be a 11.36% increase with a standard deviation of a 8.36% decrease.
This section summarizes the reaction time composite score for the 1,319 individuals who achieved a higher score on all five composite scores of the second baseline test administration.
The average Baseline 1 score was observed to be 0.67 points with a standard deviation of 0.12. The minimum score was observed to be 0.44 (indicative of faster reaction time), and the maximum score was observed to be 2.42.
The average Baseline 2 score was observed to be 0.58 points with a standard deviation of 0.07. The minimum score was observed to be -0.18, and the maximum score was observed to be 0.96.
The average point decrease from baseline 1 to baseline 2 was observed to be 0.09 points with a standard deviation of 0.1 points. The mininum point decrease was observed to be 0.01, while the maximum point decrease was observed to be 1.81.
The average percent decrease from baseline 1 to baseline 2 was observed to be a 12.48% decrease with a standard deviation of a 9.44% decrease.
The data set below contains the raw data for all individuals who achieved a higher Reaction Time Composite Score on the second baseline test administration.
A paired T-test was used to compare the reaction time composite scores of all 18,739 individuals who completed two baseline assessments. On average, individuals demonstrated a faster reaction time on the second baseline test administration (M = 0.62) than the first baseline test administration (M = 0.64), t(18737) = 27.658, p < .01.
##
## Paired t-test
##
## data: reaction_time_1 and reaction_time_2
## t = 27.658, df = 18737, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.02063598 0.02378392
## sample estimates:
## mean of the differences
## 0.02220995
14,355 individuals (76.60%) increased their visual motor composite score on the second baseline test administration.
The average Baseline 1 score was observed to be 33.26 points with a standard deviation of 6.46. The minimum score was observed to be 1.13, and the maximum score was observed to be 52.88.
The average Baseline 2 score was observed to be 38.81 points with a standard deviation of 6.3. The minimum score was observed to be 12.05, and the maximum score was observed to be 54.25.
The average point increase from baseline 1 to baseline 2 was observed to be 5.55 points with a standard deviation of 3.97 points. The mininum point increase was observed to be 0.02, while the maximum point increase was observed to be 37.35.
The average percent increase from baseline 1 to baseline 2 was observed to be a 18.8% increase with a standard deviation of a 22.17% increase.
This section summarizes the reaction time composite score for the 1,319 individuals who achieved a higher score on all five composite scores of the second baseline test administration.
The average Baseline 1 score was observed to be 33.18 points with a standard deviation of 6.56. The minimum score was observed to be 1.13, and the maximum score was observed to be 50.8.
The average Baseline 2 score was observed to be 39.17 points with a standard deviation of 6.32. The minimum score was observed to be 12.6, and the maximum score was observed to be 53.5.
The average point increase from baseline 1 to baseline 2 was observed to be 5.99 points with a standard deviation of 4 points. The mininum point increase was observed to be 0.02, while the maximum point increase was observed to be 30.
The average percent increase from baseline 1 to baseline 2 was observed to be a 20.98% increase with a standard deviation of a 37.46% increase.
The data set below contains the raw data for all individuals who achieved a higher Visual Motor Composite Score on the second baseline test administration.
A paired T-test was used to compare the reaction time composite scores of all 18,739 individuals who completed two baseline assessments. On average, individuals scored significantly higher on the second baseline test administration (M = 37.64) than the first baseline test administration (M = 34.15), t(18738) = -89.275, p < .01.
##
## Paired t-test
##
## data: visual_motor_1 and visual_motor_2
## t = -89.275, df = 18738, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -3.569844 -3.416455
## sample estimates:
## mean of the differences
## -3.49315
The results of the paired t-tests across all five composite scores for comparison of baseline performance identified that individuals, on average, improved their score on the second baseline test administration of the verbal memory, visual memory, reaction time and visual motor composites. Conversely, individuals were identified to score, on average, significantly higher on the first baseline test administration of the impulse control composite.
The t-tests in the seciton above compare the performance between individuals who completed two baseline assessments. The number of individuals who completed three, four, and five baseline assessments is large enough to compare differences in performance through the use of a repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA).
For individuals who completed three baseline tests (n = 2,930), performance on the verbal memory composite score was statistically significantly different, F(1.99, 5,822.57) = 236.46, p < .0001, generalized eta squared = 0.03.
All possible pairwise comparisons were evaluated using the Bonferroni procedure to control family-wise Type I error. All pairwise comparisons, between baseline test administrations, were statistically significantly different (p < .05). Individuals were identified to achieve the highest verbal memory score on the third baseline assessment (M = 86.52) compared to the second (M = 84.58) and first (M = 82.28) baseline administrations.
There are no extreme outliers.
From the plot, normality is assumed.
## ANOVA Table (type III tests)
##
## Effect DFn DFd F p p<.05 ges
## 1 baseline_number 1.99 5822.57 223.461 1.06e-93 * 0.03
For individuals who completed four baseline tests (n = 420), performance on the verbal memory composite score was statistically significantly different, F(3, 1,257) = 38.53, p < .0001, generalized eta squared = 0.04.
All possible pairwise comparisons were evaluated using the Bonferroni procedure to control family-wise Type I error. Five out of six pairwise comparisons, between baseline test administrations, were statistically significantly different (p < .05). Individuals were identified to achieve the highest verbal memory score on the fourth baseline assessment (M = 87.24). This score was significantly greater than the first (M = 82.19) and second (M = 83.70) baseline administrations; however, it was not significantly greater than the third baseline assessment (M = 86.08). All pairwise comparisons between the first, second, and third baseline test administrations were significantly different.
There are no extreme outliers.
From the plot, normality is assumed.
## ANOVA Table (type III tests)
##
## Effect DFn DFd F p p<.05 ges
## 1 baseline_number 3 1257 38.527 8.09e-24 * 0.039
For individuals who completed five baseline tests (n = 78), performance on the verbal memory composite score was statistically significantly different, F(4, 308) = 6.27, p < .0001, generalized eta squared = 0.03.
All possible pairwise comparisons were evaluated using the Bonferroni procedure to control family-wise Type I error. Only three out of ten pairwise comparisons were statistically significantly different. Individuals were identified to score significantly greater on both the fourth (M = 84.1) and fifth (M = 85.77) baseline assessment than on the first baseline assessment (M = 80.26). The third signficant difference was identified between the third and fifth baseline administrations, where performance on the fifth baseline assessment was signficantly greater than the third baseline assessment (M = 82.56). The remaining seven pairwise comparisons were not signficantly different.
There are no extreme outliers.
From the plot, normality is assumed.
## ANOVA Table (type III tests)
##
## Effect DFn DFd F p p<.05 ges
## 1 baseline_number 4 308 6.27 7.32e-05 * 0.032
For individuals who completed three baseline tests (n = 2,390), performance on the visual memory composite score was statistically significantly different, F(1.99, 5,821.49) = 355.72, p < .0001, generalized eta squared = 0.04.
All possible pairwise comparisons were evaluated using the Bonferroni procedure to control family-wise Type I error. All pairwise comparisons, between baseline test administrations, were statistically significantly different (p < .05). Individuals were identified to achieve the highest visual memory score on the third baseline assessment (M = 78.75) compared to the second (M = 76.66) and first (M = 72.56) baseline administrations.
There are no extreme outliers.
From the plot, normality is assumed.
## ANOVA Table (type III tests)
##
## Effect DFn DFd F p p<.05 ges
## 1 baseline_number 1.99 5821.49 355.717 1.23e-145 * 0.041
For individuals who completed four baseline tests (n = 420), performance on the visual memory composite score was statistically significantly different, F(3, 1,257) = 54.66, p < .0001, generalized eta squared = 0.05.
All possible pairwise comparisons were evaluated using the Bonferroni procedure to control family-wise Type I error. All six pairwise comparisons between baseline test administrations were statistically significantly different (p < .05). Individuals were identified to achieve the highest visual memory score on the fourth baseline assessment (M = 80.50). This score was significantly greater than the first (M = 73.09), second (M = 76.46), and third (M = 78.66) baseline administrations. All pairwise comparisons between the first, second, and third baseline test administrations were significantly different.
There are no extreme outliers.
From the plot, normality is assumed.
## ANOVA Table (type III tests)
##
## Effect DFn DFd F p p<.05 ges
## 1 baseline_number 3 1257 54.663 3.27e-33 * 0.05
For individuals who completed five baseline tests (n = 78), performance on the visual memory composite score was statistically significantly different, F(4, 308) = 9.56, p < .0001, generalized eta squared = 0.04.
All possible pairwise comparisons were evaluated using the Bonferroni procedure to control family-wise Type I error. Only three out of ten pairwise comparisons were statistically significantly different. Individuals were identified to score significantly greater on the third (M = 77.27), fourth (M = 78.26), and fifth (M = 79.42) baseline assessment than on the first baseline assessment (M = 71.79). The remaining seven pairwise comparisons were not signficantly different.
There are no extreme outliers.
From the plot, normality is assumed.
## ANOVA Table (type III tests)
##
## Effect DFn DFd F p p<.05 ges
## 1 baseline_number 4 308 9.564 2.66e-07 * 0.045